Which are the types of Runway Incursions?

• A. Operational Error; Pilot Deviation; Vehicle/Pedestrian
• B. Operational Error
• C. Vehicle/Pedestrian
• D. Pilot Deviation; Vehicle/Pedestrian

Answer: (A)

Runway incursions are categorized by the cause behind the unsafe entry onto a runway, and there are three main types: operational error, pilot deviation, and vehicle/pedestrian on the runway. An operational error refers to mistakes in ATC procedures or miscommunications that lead to a clearance or instruction being misinterpreted or not properly implemented. A pilot deviation occurs when the flight crew does not follow a clearance or instruction, such as entering or crossing a runway without a proper clearance. A vehicle or pedestrian incursion is when ground vehicles or people are on the runway when they shouldn’t be, creating a collision risk. These three together cover the common ways an incursion can happen, so combining them is why this set is the best answer. Choices that include only one or two of these types omit other legitimate causes, which is why they aren’t complete.